There is no “drink a protein shake and resume the fast after” in the middle of your 16 hour fast. Your fast is done after that. If you want to have a shake after your workout, you need to either move your workout time or move your eating window or just consider yourself not doing 16:8 IF. You can’t have 16:8 and work out in the middle of your fast and have a protein shake right after the workout all at the same time. Decide where your priorities lie and choose what you want to adjust or sacrifice.
I do 45 min bootcamps on my peloton 5 days a week. I start fasting around 7-8pm and I don’t eat until 1-2pm the next day. Usually work out around 11-12. I’ve actually noticed a shift in the last few years in that I can’t work out after I’ve eaten. I used to be able to eat whatever I wanted right before a run and have no problem going 6 miles. Now if I have anything less than 2 hours before the bike, my stomach is churning. So fasting before my workout is actually way more beneficial to me. I don’t take any supplements before my eating window